In recent years, Poland has become a central case in comparative politics, illustrating how democratic backsliding, institutional conflict, and deep political polarisation can affect the functioning of democratic institutions. Several chapters analyse the rise of a situation akin to institutional 'dual power,' where competing political actors claim legitimacy through separate institutional channels.

Poland's trajectory also carries broader implications for the European Union. As a major EU member state, developments in Poland have shaped debates about the rule of law, democratic standards, and EU responses to democratic backsliding.

By placing Poland within broader discussions about democratic erosion, party competition, and institutional repair, the panel will consider how polarised democracies might overcome deep institutional conflicts and restore legitimacy, informing wider debates about democratic resilience in the EU.

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